References
*Bipolar depression: Identified by ICD-9 codes specifically related to a primary diagnosis of bipolar depression, and all data are generated from the 2012 Gemini Healthcare, LLC Disease Benchmarks database, which is made up of 105+ health plans and 70+ million lives. Includes inpatient, outpatient, emergency room, and pharmacy costs.
  1. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association, 2022.
  2. Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, et al. Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of Bipolar Spectrum Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:543-552.
  3. Judd L, Akiskal H, Schettler P, Endicott J, Maser J, Solomon D, Leon A, Rice J, Keller M. The Long-term Natural History of the Weekly Symptomatic Status of Bipolar I Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002.
  4. Bipolar Disorder Benchmarks. Gemini Healthcare, LLC; 2014.
  5. Tondo L, Baldessarini R, Hennen J, Gianfranco F, Silvetti F, Tohen M. Lithium Treatment and Risk of Suicidal Behavior in Bipolar Disorder Patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998.